Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. In Singapore, non-melanoma skin cancer is the 6^th and 7^th most common cancer in men and women, respectively. Despite its prevalence, many misconceptions and questions surround this disease.

Understanding the facts about skin cancer is crucial for prevention, early detection, and effective treatment. In this article, we will address some of the most frequently asked questions about skin cancer, providing accurate information to help raise awareness and promote skin health.

What Causes Skin Cancer?

Skin cancer arises when unrepaired damage to the DNA of skin cells lead to mutations, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and formation of malignant tumors.

The primary cause of DNA damage (and hence skin cancer) is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. . Risk factors for developing skin cancers include having a fair complexion, a history of excessive exposure (including repeated sunburns), having a family history of skin cancers, and a weakened immune system.

What Are the Different Types of Skin Cancer?

There are three main types of skin cancer:

• Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer. The typical appearance of BCC is a raised, pink or brown lump with a smooth, pearly surface and prominent blood vessels. The surface of BCC tends to be fragile and breaks easily with minor trauma (such as with washing or wiping with a towel), and patients may notice having a wound that is slow to heal. BCCs are typically slow growing, but may develop into deep ulcers with significant disfigurement if untreated.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): SCC is the second most common type of skin cancer. They often appear as pink or skin colored lumps with a rough or scaly surface. SCCs usually arise on areas of skin that had been chronically exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp (in men with little hair) and arms.  SCCs carry a small risk of metastasis to other parts of the body.
• Melanoma: Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, originating in the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) of the skin. It often resembles an irregularly shaped mole with asymmetrical borders and varying colors. Melanoma can metastasize rapidly and requires prompt treatment to reduce the risk of morbidity and death..

How Can I Protect Myself from Skin Cancer?

Protecting your skin from UV radiation is the most important measure to reduce the risk of skin cancers. Some protective actions one can take include:

• Using Sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 30 or higher, and reapply every 2 hours.
• Seek Shade: Limit sun exposure during peak UV hours (between 10am and 4pm) and seek shade whenever possible, especially if you’re outdoors for an extended period.
• Wear Protective Clothing: Cover the skin with tightly woven clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses.
• Avoid Tanning Beds: Refrain from using tanning beds, as they emit harmful UV radiation,increase the risk of skin cancer and cause premature skin aging.

How Can I Detect Skin Cancer Early?

Early detection is key to successful treatment and improved outcomes for skin cancer. Perform regular self-examinations of your skin to monitor for any changes in your moles or skin bumps using the ABCDE rule:

• A: Asymmetry
• B: Border irregularity
• C: Color variation
• D: Diameter greater than 6mm
• E: Evolution or changes over time

If you notice any suspicious moles or lesions, consult a dermatologist promptly for evaluation and further assessment.

What Are the Treatment Options for Skin Cancer?

Treatment for skin cancer depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the disease. Common treatment options include:

• Wide Local Surgical Excision: Surgical removal (excision) of the cancerous growth including a margin of normal looking skin around it is the most common treatment for most types of skin cancer.
• Mohs Micrographic Surgery: Mohs micrographic surgery is the gold standard and most advanced surgical technique of treating skin cancers. It precisely removes layers of skin cells till all cancer cells are removed. Mohs surgery is mainly performed by trained dermatologic surgeons and gives rise to the highest cure rates for most types of skin cancers.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells. This is usually an option for patients where surgery is not possible or desired.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth, sometimes used in combination with other treatments for advanced or metastatic skin cancer.
• Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune response to fight cancer cells. This is often used for melanoma or other types of skin cancers when they are in an advanced stage.

Conclusion

Skin cancer is a significant public health concern, and a major cause of mobidity and mortality. With the right knowledge and by adopting proactive measures, skin cancers  can be prevented, detected early, and treated effectively. Individuals can take control of their skin health and reduce their risk of developing this disease.

Remember to prioritize sun protection, perform regular skin self-examinations, and seek prompt medical attention for any suspicious changes on the skin. With vigilance and informed decision-making, we can work towards a future where skin cancer incidence and mortality rates are significantly reduced.

If you’re looking for a skin cancer surgeon in Singapore, do visit us at TSN Dermatology Skin Specialist Clinic. Our team of dermatologists in Singapore possess extensive experience handling various skin health issues, including skin cancer and sebaceous cyst removal.