The human skin is a complex and remarkable organ consisting of structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sensory nerves which serve a myriad of functions to keep us healthy. An oddity is the appearance of moles, which are very common, but appear to serve no particular purpose.

However, sometimes what appears to be a harmless mole could actually be a sign of something more sinister – melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer.

Awareness of the signs of a melanoma is crucial for early detection and treatment. In this article, we will delve into the characteristics of melanoma and provide insights into recognizing its warning signs.

Understanding Melanoma

Melanoma arises from melanocytes, cells that produce the pigment melanin and which gives our skin colour. While melanoma is less common than basal or squamous cell cancers, it is more dangerous due to its ability to spread to other organs if not detected and treated early.

Melanoma can arise anywhere on the body. They may emerge from existing moles or appear as new “moles” on the body. Asians in particular, may notice melanoma on the palms, soles or on the nails, where they appear as dark colored lines. Unlike regular (benign) moles which are typically uniform in shape, size and color, melanomas often exhibit irregularities in their appearances.

Recognizing the Signs

Detecting melanoma at an early stage is critical, as it significantly increases the chances of effective treatment and cure. Regular self-examination of the skin is a key step in picking up early melanomas. The ABCDE system is easy for one to follow when observing one’s moles:

1. Asymmetry: Normal moles are usually symmetrical; both halves of the mole would typically match the other. In contrast, melanomas may have an irregular shape, with one half not resembling the other.

2. Border Irregularity: Benign moles typically have smooth, well-defined borders. Melanomas, on the other hand, may have irregular or scalloped edges that are difficult to define.

3. Color Variation: While benign moles typically have one or two shades of brown, melanomas can display a variety of colors within the same lesion. Look out for moles a chaotic mixture of brown, black, pink, white, or blue.

4. Diameter: While melanomas can be small, they are generally larger in diameter than typical moles, often exceeding the size of a pencil eraser (6mm).

5. Evolution: One of the most critical signs of melanoma is change. If a mole starts to evolve in size, shape, color, or elevation, it should be examined promptly by a dermatologist.

Another helpful tool is the “Ugly duckling sign”. If you notice a mole that seems to stand out and look different from your other moles, it may be wise to pay more attention to it or get a doctor to examine it.

A mole can have one or more of the features above and still be benign. However, it may be prudent to have it checked by a doctor, especially a dermatologist experienced with using a dermatoscope. Dermatoscopes (dermoscopes) are handheld devices that enhance visualization of skin lumps to make more accurate diagnoses. Early detection of melanoma significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and survival.

Risk Factors

While anyone can develop melanoma, certain factors can increase an individual’s risk. These include:

1. Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, sunlamps, or tanning beds increases the risk of melanoma.

2. Fair Skin: People with fair skin, red or blond hair, and blue or green eyes are at a higher risk of developing melanoma. The risk is also higher for people who have a tendency to burn rather than tan under the sun.

3. Family History: Individuals with a family history of melanoma or a personal history of previous skin cancers are at an increased risk.

4. Immunosuppression: Conditions or medications that weaken the immune system can also elevate the risk of melanoma.

5. Age: The risk of melanoma increases with age. However, compared to other skin cancers, melanoma is known to more commonly afflict younger individuals.

Prevention and Early Detection

Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of melanoma. Here are some preventive measures you can take:

• Limit sun exposure, especially during peak hours (10am to 4pm).
• Wear protective clothing, including wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses.
• Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF (Sun Protection Factor) and reapply every two hours.
• Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds, which emit harmful UV radiation.
• Regular self-examinations and annual skin checks by a dermatologist are essential for the early detection of melanoma and other skin cancers. If you notice any changes in your skin or have concerns about a mole, don’t hesitate to consult a healthcare professional.

Conclusion

Melanoma is a serious and potentially life-threatening form of skin cancer that requires prompt attention. Being aware of the signs of melanoma and by taking preventive measures, you can reduce your risk. Stay vigilant, protect your skin, and prioritize regular skin examinations for optimal skin health.

If you’re noticing any of the abovementioned signs of melanoma, we highly recommend reaching out to a skin cancer surgeon in Singapore. Do speak to our experienced team of dermatologists in Singapore who have expertise in handling various skin health issues, including melanoma treatment and sebaceous cyst removal.